Understand movement. Strengthen life.
Ata ElvanThe human shoulder is more than a joint. From Tiktaalik and early mammals to climbing primates and the throwing shoulder of Homo, nearly 400 million years of evolution help explain modern scapular mechanics, mobility, stability, and clinical biomechanics.
The human knee is an ancient vertebrate joint plan adapted for bipedal walking. This article explains its evolution, menisci, patella, ligaments, muscles, and movement mechanics as an integrated system.
Why do humans have seven cervical vertebrae? An in-depth journey from the deep evolutionary history of the neck to Hox genes, atlas–axis biomechanics, the myodural bridge, head stabilization and modern neck pain.
Explore how evolution, lumbar lordosis, pelvic incidence, discs, facet joints, and lumbopelvic rhythm shape lumbar biomechanics and low back pain.
Thrower’s shoulder involves sport-specific adaptations, GIRD, internal impingement, scapular control and kinetic-chain demands. Learn how it is assessed and rehabilitated.
Biceps tenosynovitis and long-head biceps tendinopathy can contribute to anterior shoulder pain. Learn about anatomy, clinical assessment, differential diagnosis and physiotherapy.
A Bankart lesion is, in most cases, the detachment of the anterior-inferior portion of the glenoid labrum and its associated capsuloligamentous structures from the glenoid rim during a traumatic anteriorRead more
An MRI report stating “SLAP lesion” in a person with shoulder pain does not mean the source of the pain has been definitively found. This is because changes in theRead more
The shoulder joint has the widest range of motion of any joint in the human body. Our ability to reach overhead, reach behind our back, throw a ball at speed,Read more
Thinking of shoulder movement only as the humerus rotating inside the glenoid is incomplete. As the arm is raised, the scapula also moves across the rib cage through upward rotation,Read more